Saturday, 29 July 2017

AWS - Amazon Web Services - Benefits - Certifications - Roles & Responsibilities



Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a secure cloud services platform, offering compute power, database storage, content delivery and other functionality to help businesses scale and grow. Explore how millions of customers are currently leveraging AWS cloud products and solutions to build sophisticated applications with increased flexibility, scalability and reliability.


What is AWS?



AWS is actually a subsidiary of Amazon.com which provides cloud computing platform on demand for many organization. A secure could services platform which offers database storage, content delivery, compute power and other functionalities which helps in business growth. Check here about all the latest topics of Amazon Web Services(Pdf download ava)

Benefits of AWS

The benefits of AWS andcloud computing overall are significant. According to Gartner, between 2013 and 2015, infrastructure-as-as-service (IaaS) will grow from $8.1B to $15.5B (91%); platform-as-a-service (PaaS) will grow from $1.2B to $1.8B (50%); and software-as-a-service (SaaS) will grow from $14.5B to $22.1B (52%). Thus, the total market spend for cloud computing will increase from $23.8B to $39.4B (66%). Cloud computing is here. Leveraging the benefits of AWS can dramatically increase both the effectiveness and efficiency of your company.

AWS Administrator Roles and Responsibilities



  • An AWS Administrator must have the following Roles and Responsibilities to be a appear for AWS Certification exam.
  • Can able to Deploy, Manage and Operate highly scalable fault tolerance systems on AWS
  • Knowledge in Migrating an existing application to AWS
  • The flow of data to and from AWS can be implemented and controlled
  • Appropriate AWS service selection based on the data
  • Estimating and controlling the AWS usuage cost, operational cost

AWS Certification
  • AWS Certified Solutions Architect
  • AWS Certified Developer
  • AWC Certified SysOps Administrator
  • AWS Certified Solutions Architect
  • AWS Certified DevOps Engineer
  • AWS Certified Big Data
  • AWS Certified Advanced Networking


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Resources: 

  • http://2ndwatch.com/blog/benefits-of-amazon-web-services-aws/
  • https://aws.amazon.com/certification/our-certifications/
  • http://www.credosystemz.com/training-in-chennai/best-amazon-web-services-training-in-chennai/

Wednesday, 12 July 2017

Top 25 Java Interview Questions - FAQs for Freshers & Experienced



Learn Advanced Java from Experts 


Q1. What is the difference between an Inner Class and a Sub-Class?

Ans: An Inner class is a class which is nested within another class. An Inner class has access rights for the class which is nesting it and it can access all variables and methods defined in the outer class.
A sub-class is a class which inherits from another class called super class. Sub-class can access all public and protected methods and fields of its super class.

Q2. What are the various access specifiers for Java classes?

Ans: In Java, access specifiers are the keywords used before a class name which defines the access scope. The types of access specifiers for classes are:
1. Public : Class,Method,Field is accessible from anywhere.
2. Protected:Method,Field can be accessed from the same class to which they belong or from the sub-classes,and from the class of same package,but not from outside.
3. Default: Method,Field,class can be accessed only from the same package and not from outside of it’s native package.
4. Private: Method,Field can be accessed from the same class to which they belong.

Q3. What’s the purpose of Static methods and static variables?

Ans: When there is a requirement to share a method or a variable between multiple objects of a class instead of creating separate copies for each object, we use static keyword to make a method or variable shared for all objects.

Q4. What is data encapsulation and what’s its significance?

Ans: Encapsulation is a concept in Object Oriented Programming for combining properties and methods in a single unit.
Encapsulation helps programmers to follow a modular approach for software development as each object has its own set of methods and variables and serves its functions independent of other objects. Encapsulation also serves data hiding purpose.

Q5. What is a singleton class? Give a practical example of its usage.

A singleton class in java can have only one instance and hence all its methods and variables belong to just one instance. Singleton class concept is useful for the situations when there is a need to limit the number of objects for a class.
The best example of singleton usage scenario is when there is a limit of having only one connection to a database due to some driver limitations or because of any licensing issues.

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Q6. What are Loops in Java? What are three types of loops?

Ans: Looping is used in programming to execute a statement or a block of statement repeatedly. There are three types of loops in Java:
1) For Loops
For loops are used in java to execute statements repeatedly for a given number of times. For loops are used when number of times to execute the statements is known to programmer.
2) While Loops
While loop is used when certain statements need to be executed repeatedly until a condition is fulfilled. In while loops, condition is checked first before execution of statements.
3) Do While Loops
Do While Loop is same as While loop with only difference that condition is checked after execution of block of statements. Hence in case of do while loop, statements are executed at least once.

Q7. What is the difference between double and float variables in Java?

Ans: In java, float takes 4 bytes in memory while Double takes 8 bytes in memory. Float is single precision floating point decimal number while Double is double precision decimal number.

Q8.  What is Final Keyword in Java? Give an example.

Ans: In java, a constant is declared using the keyword Final. Value can be assigned only once and after assignment, value of a constant can’t be changed.
In below example, a constant with the name const_val is declared and assigned avalue:
Private Final int const_val=100
When a method is declared as final,it can NOT  be overridden by the subclasses.This method are faster than any other method,because they are resolved at complied time.

When a class is declares as final,it cannot be subclassed. Example String,Integer and other wrapper classes.

Q9.  What’s the base class in Java from which all classes are derived?

Ans: java.lang.object

Q10. Can main() method in Java can return any data?

Ans: In java, main() method can’t return any data and hence, it’s always declared with a void return type.
Q11. What are Java Packages? What’s the significance of packages?
Ans: In Java, package is a collection of classes and interfaces which are bundled together as they are related to each other. Use of packages helps developers to modularize the code and group the code for proper re-use. Once code has been packaged in Packages, it can be imported in other classes and used.

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Q12.  Can we declare a class as Abstract without having any abstract method?

Ans: Yes we can create an abstract class by using abstract keyword before class name even if it doesn’t have any abstract method. However, if a class has even one abstract method, it must be declared as abstract otherwise it will give an error.

Q13. What’s the difference between an Abstract Class and Interface in Java?

Ans: The primary difference between an abstract class and interface is that an interface can only possess declaration of public static methods with no concrete implementation while an abstract class can have members with any access specifiers (public, private etc) with or without concrete implementation.
Another key difference in the use of abstract classes and interfaces is that a class which implements an interface must implement all the methods of the interface while a class which inherits from an abstract class doesn’t require implementation of all the methods of its super class.
A class can implement multiple interfaces but it can extend only one abstract class.

Q14. What are the performance implications of Interfaces over abstract classes?

Ans:  Interfaces are slower in performance as compared to abstract classes as extra indirections are required for interfaces. Another key factor for developers to take into consideration is that any class can extend only one abstract class while a class can implement many interfaces.
Use of interfaces also puts an extra burden on the developers as any time an interface is implemented in a class; developer is forced to implement each and every method of interface.

Q15. Does Importing a package imports its sub-packages as well in Java?

Ans: In java, when a package is imported, its sub-packages aren’t imported and developer needs to import them separately if required.
For example, if a developer imports a package university.*, all classes in the package named university are loaded but no classes from the sub-package are loaded. To load the classes from its sub-package ( say department), developer has to import it explicitly as follows:
Import university.department.*

Q16. Can we declare the main method of our class as private?

Ans: In java, main method must be public static in order to run any application correctly. If main method is declared as private, developer won’t get any compilation error however, it will not get executed and will give a runtime error.

Q17.  How can we pass argument to a function by reference instead of pass by value?

Ans:  In java, we can pass argument to a function only by value and not by reference.

Q18. How an object is serialized in java?

Ans: In java, to convert an object into byte stream by serialization, an interface with the name Serializable is implemented by the class. All objects of a class implementing serializable interface get serialized and their state is saved in byte stream.

Q19. When we should use serialization?

Ans: Serialization is used when data needs to be transmitted over the network. Using serialization, object’s state is saved and converted into byte stream .The  byte stream is transferred over the network and the object is re-created at destination.

Q20. Is it compulsory for a Try Block to be followed by a Catch Block in Java for Exception handling?

Ans: Try block needs to be followed by either Catch block or Finally block or both. Any exception thrown from try block needs to be either caught in the catch block or else any specific tasks to be performed before code abortion are put in the Finally block.

Q21. Is there any way to skip Finally block of exception even if some exception occurs in the exception block?

Ans:  If an exception is raised in Try block, control passes to catch block if it exists otherwise to finally block. Finally block is always executed when an exception occurs and the only way to avoid execution of any statements in Finally block is by aborting the code forcibly by writing following line of code at the end of try block:

Q22. Can a class have multiple constructors?

Ans: Yes, a class can have multiple constructors with different parameters. Which constructor gets used for object creation depends on the arguments passed while creating the objects.

Q23. Can we override static methods of a class?

Ans: We cannot override static methods. Static methods belong to a class and not to individual objects and are resolved at the time of compilation (not at runtime).Even if we try to override static method,we will not get an complitaion error,nor the impact of overriding when running the code.

Q24. Is String a data type in java?

Ans: String is not a primitive data type in java. When a string is created in java, it’s actually an object of Java.Lang.String class that gets created. After creation of this string object, all built-in methods of String class can be used on the string object.

Q25. What’s the difference between an array and Vector?


Ans: An array groups data of same primitive type and is static in nature while vectors are dynamic in nature and can hold data of different data types.

Tuesday, 4 July 2017

Introduction to GST - What is GST

Goods and Services Tax in India

The present structure of Indirect Taxes are very complex in India. There are so many types of taxes that are levied by the Central and State Governments on Goods & Services.

We have to pay ‘Entertainment Tax’ for watching a movie. We have to pay Value Added Tax (VAT) on purchasing goods & services. And there are Excise duties, Import Duties, Luxury Tax, Central Sales Tax, Service Tax etc...

As of today some of these taxes are levied by the Central Government and some are by the State governments. How nice will it be if there is only one unified tax 
rate instead of all these taxes?

Let us understand – what is Goods and Services Tax and its importance. What are the benefits of GST, disadvantages and challenges?
------------------------------------
What is GST?

GST is the abbreviated form of Goods & Services Tax, It has been long pending issue to streamline all the different types of indirect taxes and implement a “single taxation” system, this system is called as GST.  

The main expectation from this system is to abolish all indirect taxes and only 
GST would be levied. As the name suggests, the GST will be levied both on Goods and Services.
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GST is a tax that we need to pay on supply of goods & services. Any person, who is providing or supplying goods and services is liable to charge GST.

How is GST applied?

GST is a consumption based tax/levy. It is based on the “Destination principle.” 
GST is applied on goods and services at the place where final/actual consumption happens.
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The last person in the supply chain, the end consumer has to bear this tax and so, in many respects, GST is like a last-point retail tax. GST is going to be collected at point of Sale
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Goods & Services Tax in india
GST Rate Structure A four-tier GST tax slabs:

i) Zero Tax rate : There won’t be any tax on almost 50 % of items in the Consumer Price Index basket, including grains used by the common man.

ii) 5% Tax slab : This is applicable on items of mass consumption used by common people

iii) There would be two standard rates of 12% and 18% under the GST regime.

iv) All the items (especially luxury items) which are now taxed at around 30% will fall under 28% GST rate slab.

Note: An additional cess would also be levied on luxury cars, tobacco products & aerated drinks besides the highest tax rate (28%).
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Advantages of Goods and Services Tax (GST):

> GST is a single taxation system that will reduce the number of indirect taxes. From now, a single taxation term would cover all of those indirect taxes.

> The Prices of products and services would reduce , thus this system would prove to be beneficial for the people who are fed up of paying high prices.

> This would reduce the burden from the state and the central government. With the introduction of GST, all indirect taxes would come under a single roof.

> GST would not be charged at every point of sale like other indirect taxes so in this way, market would be developed.

> Corruption-free taxation system. GST would introduce corruption-free taxation system.
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Disadvantages of Goods and Services Tax (GST):

The opposition is to the way it is being implemented. It’s complex nature of compliance.

GST was supposed to Simplify taxation and make taxation easier. Is this happening?

Multiplicity of Tax Slabs

Instead of having a single or two slabs, we have 5 Slabs in GST - 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%

It does not end there. There are items which don’t fall under GST. And there is Cess.

Multiplicity of GST

Center(CGST), State(SGST), Inter-State(IGST). Ideally there should be only one.

Compliance

You need to file returns 3 times a month for every state in which you operate. That means at least 36 filings in a year per state.

If you have trade even in 25 states in India, then number of times you file returns are: 36 x 25= 900.

This is fine for large companies with army of accountants. Small Traders, and upcoming companies with meagre resources will not find this easy.

Computer Based

Most small traders are barely computer literate, and do not have IT infrastructure. They would be dependent on ‘others’ to do this return filing on their behalf. Move towards computerization is great - but are small businesses ready for it?

Most importantly

When rules and regulations are Simple - people tend to understand what they are doing and there is high compliance.

When rules are complex - people have to depend on ‘experts’, they barely understand what they are doing, and it gives rise to red-tape.

Resources: 

  • http://www.gcreddy.com/2017/07/introduction-to-gst.html
  • http://www.cbec.gov.in/htdocs-cbec/gst
  • https://cleartax.in/s/gst-law-goods-and-services-tax

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